Hallux valgus is a common foot deformity in which the big toe (hallux) gradually shifts toward the second toe, causing a visible bony bump on the inner side of the foot. This bump is commonly known as a bunion. Over time, hallux valgus can worsen, leading to pain, swelling, redness, and difficulty wearing regular footwear. While it can affect people of all ages, it is more frequently seen in adults, especially women.
The condition develops due to a combination of factors. Genetic predisposition plays a significant role, meaning it often runs in families. Wearing tight, narrow, or high-heeled shoes can accelerate the progression of hallux valgus by placing excessive pressure on the forefoot. Other contributing factors include flat feet, abnormal foot mechanics, arthritis, and certain neuromuscular conditions.
Symptoms of hallux valgus vary depending on severity. In early stages, patients may notice mild discomfort or cosmetic changes. As the deformity progresses, pain may become persistent, walking can be uncomfortable, and corns or calluses may develop due to friction. In advanced cases, joint stiffness and inflammation can significantly impact daily activities and quality of life.
Management of hallux valgus depends on symptom severity rather than just the appearance of the bunion. Non-surgical treatment options include wearing wide, supportive footwear, using orthotic insoles to improve foot alignment, applying ice to reduce inflammation, and taking pain-relief measures when required. These methods can help control symptoms but do not correct the deformity.
When conservative treatments fail and pain interferes with normal activities, surgical correction may be considered. Surgery aims to realign the big toe, relieve pain, and restore proper foot function, allowing patients to return to an active and comfortable lifestyle.